ECCLESSIA DE BEATI PETRI NEAR NOVI PAZAR AND OTHER CAROLINGIAN MONUMENTS IN SOUTH DALMATIA
Abstract:
Among the early medieval architectural monuments in the territory of ancient Rassia one of the most important is the Temple of Beati Petri near Novi Pazar. An attempt of its architectural reconstruction is published for the first time. The second part of this article is an attempt to produce a list of the most important Carolingian architectural monuments and archaeological finds along the southernmost part of the Adriatic coast and in the neighboring inland .It is quite obvious that the extents of the Carolingian spread towards the east should be reconsidered because of the wider presence of the monuments which were built under their heavy influence, as well as the other archaeological finds.. Other important monuments are churches along the shore of Boka Kotorska bay: Andreazzi’s memoria in Kotor [The old cathedral], Church of St Thomas in Prčanj and further monuments to the south: the Old Cathedral in Ulcinj, Abbey complex of St Mihovil in Prevlaka near Tivat. There are further architectural monuments inland, in the province of Pannonia, where the excavations have practically not have been conducted. Only the extensive remains of the probably most important monument on Fruška Gora, the Abbey of Dombo [Rakovac] with the important finds of sculpture have been excavated. All these monuments point out that the question of the extents of the Carolingian spread and influence have to be reconsidered again.
The territory of South Dalmatia and the regions inland during the long time after the fall of the Roman Empire was the area where the succession of rulers, as well as the succession of religions left a distinctive mark. The present degree of knowledge did not give a plausible explanation for the presence of many interesting monuments. The present religious situation, the dominating Orthodox religion during the past gave the way for the various wrong attributions of monuments, and often has hampered their proper study. Many monuments were investigated or excavated very recently in the last quarter of 20th c., but, unfortunately, much less were scientifically published. Even the restoration work often was not published at all. In the various surveys of the medieval architecture, important monuments remained either unpublished or published schematically, without the complete explanation of their architecture. Such is the case with the rotunda of Ecclesia De Beati Petri near Novi Pazar.
This rotunda near Novi Pazar had attracted the attention of the scholars for a very long time[1]. It was never investigated thoroughly although it was researched on various campaigns, but nor the origin of its architecture, neither the sequence of the successive rebuilding have been satisfactorily explained[2]. The results of the architectural investigations were only partially published, without the adequate architectural documentation and plans[3]. However, it still counts as an extremely important and architecturally unique monument in the complete history of the medieval architecture in Serbian territory and its architecture as well as its connections with the Dalmatian preromanesque architecture opens some new questions about the historical succession in this area and the origin of its architecture.
The location where the church was built was used constantly during the millennia as a holy place. The oldest finds belong to a prehistoric tumulus in which the Illyrian burial was dug in, and a very important golden hoard was discovered under the foundations of the church[4]. An early, partially overbuilt, Christian baptismal font was discovered among the foundations as well, and the church itself has several clearly differentiated architectural phases[5].
The first building was a simple round structure with the apse which, probably
comes from the 6th century. This earliest structure itself was built over the top of the tumulus. The most important architectural phase is the second church, which is
architecturally closely connected with the rotunda of St Donat in Zadar. There is the precious historical chronicle, which give evidence for the dating of the church into ninth century as well as description of the conditions, which resulted, with the erection of the church. According to the medieval historic chronology, LJETOPIS POPA DUKLJANINA[6], church was founded by the Roman relatives of Bello Pavlimir, the King of Duklja, after his victory over the Rassia Duke Ljutomir. Thus, the Church - Ecclesia de Beati Petri was erected in Caldana, - the spa which existed even in Roman period. This ubication is in accordance with todays
nearby Novi Pazar Spa. The exact text form of the source is: IGITUR CAUSA VICTORIAE, ROMANI QUI CUM REGE ERAT, AEDIFICAVERUNT ECCLESIAM IN RASSIA AD HONOREM BEATI PETRI APOSTOLI IN LOCO PROPINQUO CALDANAE.The church was built as the dedication to the beatified apostle Peter and this dedication was never changed. There are some uncertain details about some of the dates in the chronicle, but important facts are definitive:
1. as terminus ante quem for the building of the second phase should be taken the year 841AD, the year of the Saracen attack on Dalmatian cities. Original rotunda, whose walls are still preserved up to height of 3-4 m, was expanded and reconstructed, clearly under the influence of the church of St Donat in Zadar[7].Bello Pavlimir came to Doclea after this attack, and immediately after his victory over Ljutomir acceded to the throne. The chronicle gives more important data about the history of the church: the main point is that Pavlimir's grandson Predimir was buried in the Ecclesia de Beati Petri after the death of the previously defeated Byzantine tsar Tzimisk in 973 AD. The chronicle further gives even more details for the historic events that followed: PREDIMIRUS REX ... IN SENECTUTE BONA MORTUUS EST ET SEPULTUS EST IN EPISCOPIO RASSAE, IN ECCLESIA SANCTI PETRI, CUM MAGNO HONORO ET REVERENTIA ATQUE GLORIA. The rotunda became, from that period onwards the seat of the bishop. The ecclesia was the seat of the Bishop until 1054 when it became the main seat of the orthodox church in Rassia [Raška].Between 1219-1805, the Ecclesia served as the cathedral church of the orthodox of the Rassia[Raška] episcopate.
During this reconstruction, besides the overbuilding of the walls of the rotunda, protruding pilasters in the interior as well as gallery with dome were added. The outer wall of the gallery had niches and lesenae and from the gallery access was provided to a second story chapel over the altar space in the ground floor. Two displaced stone columns belonged to the triforium of this chapel. An entrance structure decorated also with the niches and lesenae- a possible westwerk built on the west, and a burial chamber on the north, belong to this second phase as well. Their walls were clearly added and built into the earlier structure. There is not enough evidence for the reasons of the great destruction in 11th century. It either could been the result of some war damage, but there is a possibility that the destruction occurred when the church was re-consecrated as the Orthodox church. This great destruction, which happened in mid-11.c resulted with a heavy rebuilding of the superstructure but the original shape of the building was kept as much as possible, although the new structures were not always reconstructed similar to the original .The new walls more or less follow the position of the previous, but the niches and lessenae were not reconstructed, and the remaining windows were built-in. Unfortunately, most of the dome was destroyed, as well as the east part of the gallery with the second story chapel, and these most damaged areas of the church were not rebuilt at all. Only the broken sides of the gallery were somehow repaired with the use of bricks. This reconstructed edifice was later altered even further and some parts of it were further destroyed and poorly reconstructed during the Turkish reign. The triforium was torn down and replaced with the single arch. Finally, in 19.c. a spacious narthex was built on the south side again with the use of various pieces of broken tombstones and architectural fragments. The interior of the church was painted with frescoes on several occasions. Preserved fragments belong to at least four phases of paintings. Almost completely faded fresco fragments in the bottom part of the dome were dated into the Carolingian period, but this dating was questioned since[8].The problem meanwhile became even more complex because these remains of the frescoes are now completely washed down. This is the description of the architecture of the church as it is preserved today. There is enough evidence preserved for the discussion of the original appearance of the church and the origins of its architecture The original building clearly was a rotunda with the dome over its central part, and the entrance on the west. The altar apse, connected with the triforium is the result of the change in the plan, which was done very soon, possibly during the very beginning of the construction of the church, as judged by the original foundations. This internal core in the second phase was surrounded by the series of structures-the possible westwerk, with the staircase connecting its ground floor with the entrance to the gallery over the naos, and the memoria at the north. This first story gallery surrounded the central space of the naos and there was a chapel with the triforium on the east as well. The columns of this triforium are still preserved. The gallery had a series of openings towards the interior. Its outer wall was decorated with the niches which are partially preserved on the south. These niches were alternated with the windows[9] The eastern part of the gallery was destroyed, but the preserved remains of the south and north of the apse clearly indicate the existence of the second floor on the east too, as well as the continuation of the niches on the apse. The dome as it is seen today, mostly comes from the great reconstruction and the modern restoration, and is decorated with the niches, although the most of its outer face and the complete upper part are the result of the reconstruction works executed in 1957.Only the lowest parts of its walls could belong to the original dome. It is clear that the whole building was planned to be covered with mortar and whitewashed. The only parallel to the architectural composition of this temple is the rotunda of St Donat in Zadar whose architecture decisively influenced the builders of the rotunda in Novi Pazar. The preserved building structures for the greater part follow the original design, which, in turn follow the plan and composition of St Donat’s. Some of the earlier transformations, as well as the building techniques clearly follow the technique and the building practice of the early Croatian architecture of that period. There are several points which connect the Ecclesia de Beati Petri with the architecture of the Croatian state. On the first place, St Donat in Zadar and Ecclesia De Beati Petri are the only known round churches with the superimposed gallery in the wider area of the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland. The galleries in both churches most probably were used as the Kathecoumenion. This architectural conception clearly derives from the architecture of St Michael in Fulda and chapel in Aachen. The facades of both churches are articulated with the niches and lesenes. The applied constructive methods are identical with the methods which were used in Dalmatia. Another common feature for both churches is the presence of the triphorium between the central space and the apse on both levels. In St Donat, for this purpose, two columns from the roman forum were re-used, while the original columns of the ground floor triforium in De Beati Petri are not preserved. However, the excavated base, foundations and the remains of the arches of Triforium give enough evidence for the reconstruction of the former appearance of this triforium. The now missing columns, probably were also the spolias, as judged by the preserved base and the reused inscriptions built into the walls of the first rotunda, which were brought from the roman ruins in Acqua Caldanae. The arms of the internal cross are vaulted with the semi calottes constructed over the rectangular areas. There are the squinches in the corners of each space. The central dome was constructed over the front-arches of these conchs. The construction of the semi conchs over the squinches is an important feature which is common for the early Croatian architecture. The important examples are the Church of St Lovro in Zadar and St Cross in Nin, where the semicalots were constructed over the squinches in the corners[10]. The church of St Cross gives the example for the possible reconstruction of the now missing original dome.
The important and yet properly unsolved question that remains is the sequence of the building phases. The rotunda of St Mary in Mali Iž represents the source where the origins of the earliest church’s architecture have to be looked for. The oldest edifice on this place-a simple rotunda with an apse most probably was built in 8th c. The second phase is the renewed and expanded rotunda with westwerk ,the gallery, arcosolia and the dome-the memoria built as a specific dedication and the respect for its distant predecessor and the source -the Rotunda of St Donat. The third phase is the reconstructed rotunda with the present dome and the adjoining structures at the north where the burials were continued, and the somewhat later added chapel of St Nicholas at the south. The fourth phase is the present church where many of the earlier walls were roughly reconstructed in the Turkish period, while the south chapel was pulled down. The fifth phase is the addition of the narthex on the south ,and the recent conservation of the church should be counted as the sixth phase. Unfortunately the recent monstrous additions to the complex have devastated its unity and the architectural purity of this edifice.
The fundamental question that remains is the origin of the architecture of the second church. The answer to this question is: the Templum De Beati Petri was built under a clear western influence , as an echo of the architecture of St Donat in Zadar. The presence of the Westwerk is s clear sign for this.
Although there was not any systematic study of the Carolingian presence on the southernmost part of the east coast of the Adriatic and in Montenegro, other important architectural finds that can be attributed to the Carolingians give the new evidence for their presence on the eastern Adriatic coast,, the presence of other preromanesque churches in the Kingdom of Doclea-St Thomas in Prčanj, the archaeological finds in Rose, the Abbey of St Mihovil in Prevlaka near Tivat, memoria in Ulcinj with the remains of at least two ciboria, Andreazzi’s memoria in Kotor with the remains of at least two ciboria, as well as the great number of other fragments of Carolingian sculpture, together with other finds discovered in Srijem and Vojvodina, all this clearly indicates that the western spirit-that of Caroling , have spread much further to the east, than it is originally thought. The main problem for the further studies of the early medieval history of this region is the notoriously corrupted Serbian historiography and historiographic forgeries, which are currently present in science. Typical example for this is the problem of the architecture of the Andreazzi’s memoria in Kotor[11]. The original Latin text was intentionally interpreted and published in order to obtain a false image of the architecture of this church. Only the recent archaeological excavations of Memoria have produced the accurate evidence for the original architecture of this memoria Surely the most spectacular finds are the newly discovered fragments of other sides of the earlier known Ciborium, as well as the possible fragments of another one. Close to the architecture of Andreazzi’s memoria is the relatively well-preserved church in Prčanj where the remains of a cruciform edifice , as well as the further finds of plastic were found[12]. Furthermore, possible remains of two ciboria can be discerned among the known fragments collected on various occasions in Ulcinj[13].Most probably, one of the ciboria stood in the early chapel which was destroyed when the second cathedral of Ulcinj was built. Unfortunately the remains of the Benedictine Abbey of St Mihovil on Tumba [Prevlaka] near Tivat in Montenegro are now usurped by the newly founded Orthodox monastery. The most important archaeological finds from basilica were removed from the storerooms of the local museum, and the excavations are practically conducted without the control of the local authorities. It seems that the archaeology today is often victim of the non-scientific reasons and it is not possible to conduct proper archaeological research due to the usurpation of the many sites This basilica and the other parts of this complex were excavated in 1958-1960, but the results were never scientifically published. There are numerous remains of the caroling plastic, and the foundations of the three-nave basilica[14]. Another problem is the study of the early medieval history and archaeology on Pannonia. It is known that the Benedictine order was present very early in the region. The numerous important finds, both from the burials and architectural as well, indicate the archaeological importance of this area. The spectacular ruins and numerous fragments of plastic, as well as the other finds on site Dombo on Fruška Gora are just the indicator of the importance of this region[15]. As we speak about Ecclesia De Beati Petri, there are problems that have to be solved in order to finally properly present this church to the science : demolition of the newly-built various improper church buildings, excavation of targeted points in and around the church in order to procure relevant data related to the sequence of building as well as the new detailed architectural investigations in the church; if necessary dismantling of some frescoes for that purpose, further researches in various archives for the historical sources and the further archaeological field survey and excavation in the region which might produce more finds –especially from the Charlemagne period.
Okrugla crkva pokraj Novog Pazara slovi za izuzetno značajan, i arhitektonski jedinstven spomenik u čitavoj povijesti arhitekture na srednjevjekovnom teritoriju Srbije. Položaj na kojem je crkva sagrađena, korisćen je tijekom milenija kao posvijećeno mjesto, a i na samoj crkvi postoji više jasno odvojenih građevnih faza. Prvotna rotonda, cije je ziđe očuvano do visine od 3-4 m, obnovljena je i proširena, očigledno pod jasnim utjecajem arhitekture crkve Sv Donata u Zadru.Ovako obnovljena crkva je kasnije ponovo izmijenjena a njezini pojedini dijelovi su srušeni tijekom turske vladavine.Na koncu, tijekom 19. stoljeca, na južnoj strani je
dograđen prostrani narteks.Ovo je opis građevnog sklopa crkve kakav je došao do nas. Prvotna zgrada bila je rotonda sa kupolom i sa ulazom na zapadu.kojoj je još tijekom gradnje prvotne crkve, mozda u sestom stoljecu na istoku dograđena apsida .U drugoj gradjevnoj fazi, unutar ove jezgre ugrađena je nova struktura koju su cinila 4 snazna pilastra koji preko sustav kalota nad trompama nose galeriju I centralnu kupolu. Ovako formirani naos je sa apsidom povezan novosagradjenim triforijem koji je danas razoren, ali se njegov izgled pouzdano moze rekonstruirati Galerija je otvorima povezana sa unutrašnosti rotonde.a na istoku je takodje kapela koja je sa galerijom povezana triforijem..Vanjski zid ove galerije dekoriran je plitkim nišama koje su samo djelomično sačuvane.Kupola je velikim dijelom sagrađena u obnovi nakon razaranja u 11. stoljecu i takođe je dekorirana nišama. Jasno je da je čitava crkva prvotno bila žbukana i prekrivena vapnom.Jedina paralela građevnom sklopu ove crkve je rotonda Sv Donata u Zadru, čija je arhitektura odlucno utjecala na graditelje u Novom Pazaru.Očuvane građevne strukture vecim dijelom prate prvotnu zamisao. Neke od ranijih promjena, kao i tehnike gradnje jasno prate tehniku i građevinsku praksu ranohrvatske arhitekture tog doba. Prisustvo značajnih spomenika kao i drugi arheološki nalazi nagovještavaju bitno drugačiju sliku južne obale Jadranskog mora u doba Karolinga. Prije svega, nalazi Andreazzijeve memorije,-stare Katedrale u Kotoru s a dva ciborija, stare katedrale u Ulcinju,takodje sa dva ciborija, zatim crkva u Prčnju kao i benediktinska opatija Sv Mihovila na Prevlaci dokazuju da je Karolinško prisustvo na ovom teritoriju bilo znatno intenzivnije i da tek treba biti podrobno istraženo. Također je poznato je da su važni spomenici bili sagrađeni u Panoniji. Arheološki nalazi potvrđuju karolinško prisustvo. Malobrojni otkopani arheološki spomenici –prije svega ostaci benediktinske opatije Dombo na obroncima Fruške Gore kao i drugi nalazi, ukopi u Zemun Polju i Surduku samo potvrđuju da je u Panoniji ranosrednjevjekovni sloj arheološki praktično posve neistražen .Nova arheološka iskapanja i u Duklji i u Panoniji sigurno ce obogatiti naš stupanj spoznaje o prisustvu Karolinga na tim teritorijima. Što se tiče rotonde u Novom Pazaru ona bi tek trebala nanovo biti istrazena i dolično arhitektonski prezentirana kako bi se mogao steći dojam o njenoj prvotnoj arhitektonskoj kompoziciji.
LITERATURE
Abbreviations:
PPUD=Prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u Dalmaciji, Split
ZFFBg = Zbornik Filozofskog Fakulteta, Beograd
ZAFBg = Zbornik Arhitektonskog Fakulteta,Beograd
Saopštenja=Saopštenja Republickog Zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture Beograd
ZNM=Zbornik Narodnog muzeja, Beograd
SHP=Starohrvatska Prosvjeta,Split
Ćorović-Ljubinković [1970a] Ćorović Ljubinković, Mirjana:Živopis crkve Sv Petra kraj Novog Pazara,Starinar XX/1970,35-51, Beograd 1970.
Ćorović-Ljubinković[1970b] Ćorović Ljubinković, Mirjana:Nekropola Crkve sv
Petra, ZNM VI,Beograd, 1970;169-259
Jurišić[1969] Jurišic, Aleksandra :Praistorijski sloj Petrove Crkve kod Novog. Pazara,Saopštenja VIII, Beograd, 1969
\
Korać&Kovačević[1970] Korać,Vojislav & Kovačević, Jovan: Crkva Sv Tome u Prčanju u Boki Kotorskoj,ZFFBg XI, 107-117
Maksimović[1961]Maksimović, Jovanka: Kotorski ciborij iz XIV veka i kamena
plastika susednih oblasti,Posebna izdanja SANU CCCXLV,Beograd
1961.
Mano-Zisi&Popovic[1969]: Mano-Zisi, Đordje i Popović, Ljubiša:Novi Pazar-Grčko-ilirski nalaz, Beograd, 1969
Marasović[1994] Graditeljstvo starohrvatskog doba u Dalmaciji, Split, 1994.
Martinović[1990]Martinović , Jovan:Prolegomena za problem prvobitne crkve
Svetog Tripuna u Kotoru, PPUD 30,5-29,Split,1990.
Martinović[1995]Martinović, Jovan: Pokušaj rekonstrukcije ciborija kotorske
Katedrale,PPUD 35 [Petriciolijev zbornik I] 345-356
Mijović[1985 ]Mijović, Pavle:Ulcinjski ciborijum, Starinar xxxvi,91-104,Beograd 1985.
Mijović &Kovačević[1975]Mijović Pavle&Kovačević, Mirko: Gradovi I utvrdjenja u Crnoj Gori, Beograd-Ulcinj, ,l975.
Mijović,Kovačević&Bošković[1981] Ulcinj I, Beograd, 1981.
Nagy [1985] Nagy, Szandor:Dombo, srednjevekovna opatija i tvrđava, Novi Sad, 1985.
Nenadović[1980], Nenadovic, Slobodan Arhitektura IX-XVIII veka u Jugoslaviji,Beograd,1980.
Nešković[1961a]Nešković, Jovan : Petrova Crkva kod Novog Pazara;ZAFbg
VI/5,1-34
Nešković[1961b] Nešković, Jovan; Petrova Crkva kod Novog Pazara,
Konzervatorski radovi na arhitekturi,Saopštenja 4,
137-148,Beograd 1961.
Petricioli[1988 ] Petricioli, Ivo: Crkva Sv Lovre u Zadru, SHP III/17,Split, 1988
Vežic[1985 ]Vežić, Pavuša: Crkva Sv Donata u Zadru, Mala biblioteka Godišnjaka Zaštite spomenika kulture, Prilog uz br 8-9, Zagreb 1985
[1] The rotunda was investigated for the first time in 1956, when the first frescoes were uncovered. The architectural and archaeological works were conducted until 1961, and the church was conserved , without any significant attempt for the restoration of its architecture. The surrounding necropolis was excavated since thru a long period of time. The results of the restoration work were published in Nešković [1961a] and [1961b]. In the former article Nešković attempts a search for the origins of the church , but without any attempt to publish its possible reconstruction . The church does not have a published scientific monograph, save for two guidebooks published in 1961 and 1987 (Nikolić [1961] and Nešković&Petrović[1987])
[2] Nenadović[1980], in his survey of the architecture in Yugoslavia rightfully puts the Rotunda in the same group with the Rotunda of St Donatus, but again without any attempt for the graphic reconstruction of the original appearance of the church.
[3] Nešković [1961a] gives the detailed account of the research work conducted, as well as the results of the conservation works. He also publishes some of his ideas for the possible origin of the architecture of the church, together with some comparative plans. Nešković also rightfully points out similarities with the preromanesque architecture and building techniques in Dalmatia. This is the only place where the documentation for the remains of the original south façade are published.
[4] The chronology of the earlier archaeological phases is published in Ćorović-Ljubinković [1970b] .The Illyrian golden hoard is published in Mano-Zisi&Popović [1969] and the prehistoric phase in Jurišić[1969
[5] The problem of the chronology of earlier architectural phases was never properly solved. It seems that there was a disagreement among the excavators of the church about the sequence of the building. Only details were published in Ćorović-Ljubinković [1970b].
[6] The text of the Chronicle was published on several occasions. The critical edition was published in 1928, edited by Ferdo Sisic.The events of the erection of the Eclessia were published in chapter 28
[7] The architecture and its chronology are published in Vežic[1985].He continued with the research on the church and the later results were also published in the series of articles. The latest results of Vežić’s research are published in catalogue“Hrvati I Karolinzi” with the complete list of literature.
[8] The problems of the chronology of the painting are revieved and published in article Ćorović-Ljubinković [1970a].Unfortunately, the oldest frescoes are now completely faded away and the only evidence of their possible appearance are the sketches done during the conservation work
[9] The remains of the nishes and lesenaes are published in Nešković[1961a]
[10] The latest results, as well as the revue of the older research work on architecture of St Lovro, are published in Petricioli[1988
[11] The discovery of Andreazzi’s memoria was published by its excavator in Martinović [1990] where the discussion of the problems of the correct interpretation of the historical sources was also brought to light. In next article, Martinović [1995] publishes his reconstruction of the Kotor Ciborium 1. Only the drawing of the newly discovered fragment of the Ciborium 2 was for the first time published in the prospect published in November 2000th on the occasion of the ceremonial opening of the reconstructed Cathedral of St Tripune.
[12] The results of the archaeological research of the church in Prčanj are published in Korać&Kovačević[1970]
[13] The definitive publication of the fragments of the Ulcinj ciborium is Mijović[1985]. However, the recent study done by the author of this text indicates that the existing or only known fragments can actually belong to two ciboria. This is an interesting fact, but the problem for the further research is the loss of some of the fragments. The results of the archaeological excavations of the Ulcinj city complex, as well as the site of the old Cathedral are published in Mijović&Kovačević[1975] and Mijović, Kovačević&Bošković [1981]. The discussion of the possible datation of the old chapel and the succession of the churches is also published in Mijović[1985].
[14] The complex of St Mihovil de Tumba on Prevlaka was excavated in 1958-1960.The results of these excavations remained unpublished. Meanwhile, the whole site is now usurped by the Serbian Orthodox Church which is organizing its own excavations. Even the new Monastery was established on the site. As the proof for the “Continuity’ of the Orthodox monastic life, the most important finds from Prevlaka , which were kept in the storerooms of the local museum, were taken away by the priests and exhibited in the renewed monastery. The important finds are listed in the entry in the catalogue ‘Hrvati i Karolinzi”.
[15] The most spectacular finds of the preromanic plastic surely are those discovered among the remains of the Benedictine Abbey of Dombo near Rakovac on Fruška Gora. The results of the excavations are published in Nagy[1985]. However, the further research was aborted after an unofficial ban declared by Monuments Protection service, in 1989
Abstract:
Among the early medieval architectural monuments in the territory of ancient Rassia one of the most important is the Temple of Beati Petri near Novi Pazar. An attempt of its architectural reconstruction is published for the first time. The second part of this article is an attempt to produce a list of the most important Carolingian architectural monuments and archaeological finds along the southernmost part of the Adriatic coast and in the neighboring inland .It is quite obvious that the extents of the Carolingian spread towards the east should be reconsidered because of the wider presence of the monuments which were built under their heavy influence, as well as the other archaeological finds.. Other important monuments are churches along the shore of Boka Kotorska bay: Andreazzi’s memoria in Kotor [The old cathedral], Church of St Thomas in Prčanj and further monuments to the south: the Old Cathedral in Ulcinj, Abbey complex of St Mihovil in Prevlaka near Tivat. There are further architectural monuments inland, in the province of Pannonia, where the excavations have practically not have been conducted. Only the extensive remains of the probably most important monument on Fruška Gora, the Abbey of Dombo [Rakovac] with the important finds of sculpture have been excavated. All these monuments point out that the question of the extents of the Carolingian spread and influence have to be reconsidered again.
The territory of South Dalmatia and the regions inland during the long time after the fall of the Roman Empire was the area where the succession of rulers, as well as the succession of religions left a distinctive mark. The present degree of knowledge did not give a plausible explanation for the presence of many interesting monuments. The present religious situation, the dominating Orthodox religion during the past gave the way for the various wrong attributions of monuments, and often has hampered their proper study. Many monuments were investigated or excavated very recently in the last quarter of 20th c., but, unfortunately, much less were scientifically published. Even the restoration work often was not published at all. In the various surveys of the medieval architecture, important monuments remained either unpublished or published schematically, without the complete explanation of their architecture. Such is the case with the rotunda of Ecclesia De Beati Petri near Novi Pazar.
This rotunda near Novi Pazar had attracted the attention of the scholars for a very long time[1]. It was never investigated thoroughly although it was researched on various campaigns, but nor the origin of its architecture, neither the sequence of the successive rebuilding have been satisfactorily explained[2]. The results of the architectural investigations were only partially published, without the adequate architectural documentation and plans[3]. However, it still counts as an extremely important and architecturally unique monument in the complete history of the medieval architecture in Serbian territory and its architecture as well as its connections with the Dalmatian preromanesque architecture opens some new questions about the historical succession in this area and the origin of its architecture.
The location where the church was built was used constantly during the millennia as a holy place. The oldest finds belong to a prehistoric tumulus in which the Illyrian burial was dug in, and a very important golden hoard was discovered under the foundations of the church[4]. An early, partially overbuilt, Christian baptismal font was discovered among the foundations as well, and the church itself has several clearly differentiated architectural phases[5].
The first building was a simple round structure with the apse which, probably
comes from the 6th century. This earliest structure itself was built over the top of the tumulus. The most important architectural phase is the second church, which is
architecturally closely connected with the rotunda of St Donat in Zadar. There is the precious historical chronicle, which give evidence for the dating of the church into ninth century as well as description of the conditions, which resulted, with the erection of the church. According to the medieval historic chronology, LJETOPIS POPA DUKLJANINA[6], church was founded by the Roman relatives of Bello Pavlimir, the King of Duklja, after his victory over the Rassia Duke Ljutomir. Thus, the Church - Ecclesia de Beati Petri was erected in Caldana, - the spa which existed even in Roman period. This ubication is in accordance with todays
nearby Novi Pazar Spa. The exact text form of the source is: IGITUR CAUSA VICTORIAE, ROMANI QUI CUM REGE ERAT, AEDIFICAVERUNT ECCLESIAM IN RASSIA AD HONOREM BEATI PETRI APOSTOLI IN LOCO PROPINQUO CALDANAE.The church was built as the dedication to the beatified apostle Peter and this dedication was never changed. There are some uncertain details about some of the dates in the chronicle, but important facts are definitive:
1. as terminus ante quem for the building of the second phase should be taken the year 841AD, the year of the Saracen attack on Dalmatian cities. Original rotunda, whose walls are still preserved up to height of 3-4 m, was expanded and reconstructed, clearly under the influence of the church of St Donat in Zadar[7].Bello Pavlimir came to Doclea after this attack, and immediately after his victory over Ljutomir acceded to the throne. The chronicle gives more important data about the history of the church: the main point is that Pavlimir's grandson Predimir was buried in the Ecclesia de Beati Petri after the death of the previously defeated Byzantine tsar Tzimisk in 973 AD. The chronicle further gives even more details for the historic events that followed: PREDIMIRUS REX ... IN SENECTUTE BONA MORTUUS EST ET SEPULTUS EST IN EPISCOPIO RASSAE, IN ECCLESIA SANCTI PETRI, CUM MAGNO HONORO ET REVERENTIA ATQUE GLORIA. The rotunda became, from that period onwards the seat of the bishop. The ecclesia was the seat of the Bishop until 1054 when it became the main seat of the orthodox church in Rassia [Raška].Between 1219-1805, the Ecclesia served as the cathedral church of the orthodox of the Rassia[Raška] episcopate.
During this reconstruction, besides the overbuilding of the walls of the rotunda, protruding pilasters in the interior as well as gallery with dome were added. The outer wall of the gallery had niches and lesenae and from the gallery access was provided to a second story chapel over the altar space in the ground floor. Two displaced stone columns belonged to the triforium of this chapel. An entrance structure decorated also with the niches and lesenae- a possible westwerk built on the west, and a burial chamber on the north, belong to this second phase as well. Their walls were clearly added and built into the earlier structure. There is not enough evidence for the reasons of the great destruction in 11th century. It either could been the result of some war damage, but there is a possibility that the destruction occurred when the church was re-consecrated as the Orthodox church. This great destruction, which happened in mid-11.c resulted with a heavy rebuilding of the superstructure but the original shape of the building was kept as much as possible, although the new structures were not always reconstructed similar to the original .The new walls more or less follow the position of the previous, but the niches and lessenae were not reconstructed, and the remaining windows were built-in. Unfortunately, most of the dome was destroyed, as well as the east part of the gallery with the second story chapel, and these most damaged areas of the church were not rebuilt at all. Only the broken sides of the gallery were somehow repaired with the use of bricks. This reconstructed edifice was later altered even further and some parts of it were further destroyed and poorly reconstructed during the Turkish reign. The triforium was torn down and replaced with the single arch. Finally, in 19.c. a spacious narthex was built on the south side again with the use of various pieces of broken tombstones and architectural fragments. The interior of the church was painted with frescoes on several occasions. Preserved fragments belong to at least four phases of paintings. Almost completely faded fresco fragments in the bottom part of the dome were dated into the Carolingian period, but this dating was questioned since[8].The problem meanwhile became even more complex because these remains of the frescoes are now completely washed down. This is the description of the architecture of the church as it is preserved today. There is enough evidence preserved for the discussion of the original appearance of the church and the origins of its architecture The original building clearly was a rotunda with the dome over its central part, and the entrance on the west. The altar apse, connected with the triforium is the result of the change in the plan, which was done very soon, possibly during the very beginning of the construction of the church, as judged by the original foundations. This internal core in the second phase was surrounded by the series of structures-the possible westwerk, with the staircase connecting its ground floor with the entrance to the gallery over the naos, and the memoria at the north. This first story gallery surrounded the central space of the naos and there was a chapel with the triforium on the east as well. The columns of this triforium are still preserved. The gallery had a series of openings towards the interior. Its outer wall was decorated with the niches which are partially preserved on the south. These niches were alternated with the windows[9] The eastern part of the gallery was destroyed, but the preserved remains of the south and north of the apse clearly indicate the existence of the second floor on the east too, as well as the continuation of the niches on the apse. The dome as it is seen today, mostly comes from the great reconstruction and the modern restoration, and is decorated with the niches, although the most of its outer face and the complete upper part are the result of the reconstruction works executed in 1957.Only the lowest parts of its walls could belong to the original dome. It is clear that the whole building was planned to be covered with mortar and whitewashed. The only parallel to the architectural composition of this temple is the rotunda of St Donat in Zadar whose architecture decisively influenced the builders of the rotunda in Novi Pazar. The preserved building structures for the greater part follow the original design, which, in turn follow the plan and composition of St Donat’s. Some of the earlier transformations, as well as the building techniques clearly follow the technique and the building practice of the early Croatian architecture of that period. There are several points which connect the Ecclesia de Beati Petri with the architecture of the Croatian state. On the first place, St Donat in Zadar and Ecclesia De Beati Petri are the only known round churches with the superimposed gallery in the wider area of the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland. The galleries in both churches most probably were used as the Kathecoumenion. This architectural conception clearly derives from the architecture of St Michael in Fulda and chapel in Aachen. The facades of both churches are articulated with the niches and lesenes. The applied constructive methods are identical with the methods which were used in Dalmatia. Another common feature for both churches is the presence of the triphorium between the central space and the apse on both levels. In St Donat, for this purpose, two columns from the roman forum were re-used, while the original columns of the ground floor triforium in De Beati Petri are not preserved. However, the excavated base, foundations and the remains of the arches of Triforium give enough evidence for the reconstruction of the former appearance of this triforium. The now missing columns, probably were also the spolias, as judged by the preserved base and the reused inscriptions built into the walls of the first rotunda, which were brought from the roman ruins in Acqua Caldanae. The arms of the internal cross are vaulted with the semi calottes constructed over the rectangular areas. There are the squinches in the corners of each space. The central dome was constructed over the front-arches of these conchs. The construction of the semi conchs over the squinches is an important feature which is common for the early Croatian architecture. The important examples are the Church of St Lovro in Zadar and St Cross in Nin, where the semicalots were constructed over the squinches in the corners[10]. The church of St Cross gives the example for the possible reconstruction of the now missing original dome.
The important and yet properly unsolved question that remains is the sequence of the building phases. The rotunda of St Mary in Mali Iž represents the source where the origins of the earliest church’s architecture have to be looked for. The oldest edifice on this place-a simple rotunda with an apse most probably was built in 8th c. The second phase is the renewed and expanded rotunda with westwerk ,the gallery, arcosolia and the dome-the memoria built as a specific dedication and the respect for its distant predecessor and the source -the Rotunda of St Donat. The third phase is the reconstructed rotunda with the present dome and the adjoining structures at the north where the burials were continued, and the somewhat later added chapel of St Nicholas at the south. The fourth phase is the present church where many of the earlier walls were roughly reconstructed in the Turkish period, while the south chapel was pulled down. The fifth phase is the addition of the narthex on the south ,and the recent conservation of the church should be counted as the sixth phase. Unfortunately the recent monstrous additions to the complex have devastated its unity and the architectural purity of this edifice.
The fundamental question that remains is the origin of the architecture of the second church. The answer to this question is: the Templum De Beati Petri was built under a clear western influence , as an echo of the architecture of St Donat in Zadar. The presence of the Westwerk is s clear sign for this.
Although there was not any systematic study of the Carolingian presence on the southernmost part of the east coast of the Adriatic and in Montenegro, other important architectural finds that can be attributed to the Carolingians give the new evidence for their presence on the eastern Adriatic coast,, the presence of other preromanesque churches in the Kingdom of Doclea-St Thomas in Prčanj, the archaeological finds in Rose, the Abbey of St Mihovil in Prevlaka near Tivat, memoria in Ulcinj with the remains of at least two ciboria, Andreazzi’s memoria in Kotor with the remains of at least two ciboria, as well as the great number of other fragments of Carolingian sculpture, together with other finds discovered in Srijem and Vojvodina, all this clearly indicates that the western spirit-that of Caroling , have spread much further to the east, than it is originally thought. The main problem for the further studies of the early medieval history of this region is the notoriously corrupted Serbian historiography and historiographic forgeries, which are currently present in science. Typical example for this is the problem of the architecture of the Andreazzi’s memoria in Kotor[11]. The original Latin text was intentionally interpreted and published in order to obtain a false image of the architecture of this church. Only the recent archaeological excavations of Memoria have produced the accurate evidence for the original architecture of this memoria Surely the most spectacular finds are the newly discovered fragments of other sides of the earlier known Ciborium, as well as the possible fragments of another one. Close to the architecture of Andreazzi’s memoria is the relatively well-preserved church in Prčanj where the remains of a cruciform edifice , as well as the further finds of plastic were found[12]. Furthermore, possible remains of two ciboria can be discerned among the known fragments collected on various occasions in Ulcinj[13].Most probably, one of the ciboria stood in the early chapel which was destroyed when the second cathedral of Ulcinj was built. Unfortunately the remains of the Benedictine Abbey of St Mihovil on Tumba [Prevlaka] near Tivat in Montenegro are now usurped by the newly founded Orthodox monastery. The most important archaeological finds from basilica were removed from the storerooms of the local museum, and the excavations are practically conducted without the control of the local authorities. It seems that the archaeology today is often victim of the non-scientific reasons and it is not possible to conduct proper archaeological research due to the usurpation of the many sites This basilica and the other parts of this complex were excavated in 1958-1960, but the results were never scientifically published. There are numerous remains of the caroling plastic, and the foundations of the three-nave basilica[14]. Another problem is the study of the early medieval history and archaeology on Pannonia. It is known that the Benedictine order was present very early in the region. The numerous important finds, both from the burials and architectural as well, indicate the archaeological importance of this area. The spectacular ruins and numerous fragments of plastic, as well as the other finds on site Dombo on Fruška Gora are just the indicator of the importance of this region[15]. As we speak about Ecclesia De Beati Petri, there are problems that have to be solved in order to finally properly present this church to the science : demolition of the newly-built various improper church buildings, excavation of targeted points in and around the church in order to procure relevant data related to the sequence of building as well as the new detailed architectural investigations in the church; if necessary dismantling of some frescoes for that purpose, further researches in various archives for the historical sources and the further archaeological field survey and excavation in the region which might produce more finds –especially from the Charlemagne period.
Okrugla crkva pokraj Novog Pazara slovi za izuzetno značajan, i arhitektonski jedinstven spomenik u čitavoj povijesti arhitekture na srednjevjekovnom teritoriju Srbije. Položaj na kojem je crkva sagrađena, korisćen je tijekom milenija kao posvijećeno mjesto, a i na samoj crkvi postoji više jasno odvojenih građevnih faza. Prvotna rotonda, cije je ziđe očuvano do visine od 3-4 m, obnovljena je i proširena, očigledno pod jasnim utjecajem arhitekture crkve Sv Donata u Zadru.Ovako obnovljena crkva je kasnije ponovo izmijenjena a njezini pojedini dijelovi su srušeni tijekom turske vladavine.Na koncu, tijekom 19. stoljeca, na južnoj strani je
dograđen prostrani narteks.Ovo je opis građevnog sklopa crkve kakav je došao do nas. Prvotna zgrada bila je rotonda sa kupolom i sa ulazom na zapadu.kojoj je još tijekom gradnje prvotne crkve, mozda u sestom stoljecu na istoku dograđena apsida .U drugoj gradjevnoj fazi, unutar ove jezgre ugrađena je nova struktura koju su cinila 4 snazna pilastra koji preko sustav kalota nad trompama nose galeriju I centralnu kupolu. Ovako formirani naos je sa apsidom povezan novosagradjenim triforijem koji je danas razoren, ali se njegov izgled pouzdano moze rekonstruirati Galerija je otvorima povezana sa unutrašnosti rotonde.a na istoku je takodje kapela koja je sa galerijom povezana triforijem..Vanjski zid ove galerije dekoriran je plitkim nišama koje su samo djelomično sačuvane.Kupola je velikim dijelom sagrađena u obnovi nakon razaranja u 11. stoljecu i takođe je dekorirana nišama. Jasno je da je čitava crkva prvotno bila žbukana i prekrivena vapnom.Jedina paralela građevnom sklopu ove crkve je rotonda Sv Donata u Zadru, čija je arhitektura odlucno utjecala na graditelje u Novom Pazaru.Očuvane građevne strukture vecim dijelom prate prvotnu zamisao. Neke od ranijih promjena, kao i tehnike gradnje jasno prate tehniku i građevinsku praksu ranohrvatske arhitekture tog doba. Prisustvo značajnih spomenika kao i drugi arheološki nalazi nagovještavaju bitno drugačiju sliku južne obale Jadranskog mora u doba Karolinga. Prije svega, nalazi Andreazzijeve memorije,-stare Katedrale u Kotoru s a dva ciborija, stare katedrale u Ulcinju,takodje sa dva ciborija, zatim crkva u Prčnju kao i benediktinska opatija Sv Mihovila na Prevlaci dokazuju da je Karolinško prisustvo na ovom teritoriju bilo znatno intenzivnije i da tek treba biti podrobno istraženo. Također je poznato je da su važni spomenici bili sagrađeni u Panoniji. Arheološki nalazi potvrđuju karolinško prisustvo. Malobrojni otkopani arheološki spomenici –prije svega ostaci benediktinske opatije Dombo na obroncima Fruške Gore kao i drugi nalazi, ukopi u Zemun Polju i Surduku samo potvrđuju da je u Panoniji ranosrednjevjekovni sloj arheološki praktično posve neistražen .Nova arheološka iskapanja i u Duklji i u Panoniji sigurno ce obogatiti naš stupanj spoznaje o prisustvu Karolinga na tim teritorijima. Što se tiče rotonde u Novom Pazaru ona bi tek trebala nanovo biti istrazena i dolično arhitektonski prezentirana kako bi se mogao steći dojam o njenoj prvotnoj arhitektonskoj kompoziciji.
LITERATURE
Abbreviations:
PPUD=Prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u Dalmaciji, Split
ZFFBg = Zbornik Filozofskog Fakulteta, Beograd
ZAFBg = Zbornik Arhitektonskog Fakulteta,Beograd
Saopštenja=Saopštenja Republickog Zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture Beograd
ZNM=Zbornik Narodnog muzeja, Beograd
SHP=Starohrvatska Prosvjeta,Split
Ćorović-Ljubinković [1970a] Ćorović Ljubinković, Mirjana:Živopis crkve Sv Petra kraj Novog Pazara,Starinar XX/1970,35-51, Beograd 1970.
Ćorović-Ljubinković[1970b] Ćorović Ljubinković, Mirjana:Nekropola Crkve sv
Petra, ZNM VI,Beograd, 1970;169-259
Jurišić[1969] Jurišic, Aleksandra :Praistorijski sloj Petrove Crkve kod Novog. Pazara,Saopštenja VIII, Beograd, 1969
\
Korać&Kovačević[1970] Korać,Vojislav & Kovačević, Jovan: Crkva Sv Tome u Prčanju u Boki Kotorskoj,ZFFBg XI, 107-117
Maksimović[1961]Maksimović, Jovanka: Kotorski ciborij iz XIV veka i kamena
plastika susednih oblasti,Posebna izdanja SANU CCCXLV,Beograd
1961.
Mano-Zisi&Popovic[1969]: Mano-Zisi, Đordje i Popović, Ljubiša:Novi Pazar-Grčko-ilirski nalaz, Beograd, 1969
Marasović[1994] Graditeljstvo starohrvatskog doba u Dalmaciji, Split, 1994.
Martinović[1990]Martinović , Jovan:Prolegomena za problem prvobitne crkve
Svetog Tripuna u Kotoru, PPUD 30,5-29,Split,1990.
Martinović[1995]Martinović, Jovan: Pokušaj rekonstrukcije ciborija kotorske
Katedrale,PPUD 35 [Petriciolijev zbornik I] 345-356
Mijović[1985 ]Mijović, Pavle:Ulcinjski ciborijum, Starinar xxxvi,91-104,Beograd 1985.
Mijović &Kovačević[1975]Mijović Pavle&Kovačević, Mirko: Gradovi I utvrdjenja u Crnoj Gori, Beograd-Ulcinj, ,l975.
Mijović,Kovačević&Bošković[1981] Ulcinj I, Beograd, 1981.
Nagy [1985] Nagy, Szandor:Dombo, srednjevekovna opatija i tvrđava, Novi Sad, 1985.
Nenadović[1980], Nenadovic, Slobodan Arhitektura IX-XVIII veka u Jugoslaviji,Beograd,1980.
Nešković[1961a]Nešković, Jovan : Petrova Crkva kod Novog Pazara;ZAFbg
VI/5,1-34
Nešković[1961b] Nešković, Jovan; Petrova Crkva kod Novog Pazara,
Konzervatorski radovi na arhitekturi,Saopštenja 4,
137-148,Beograd 1961.
Petricioli[1988 ] Petricioli, Ivo: Crkva Sv Lovre u Zadru, SHP III/17,Split, 1988
Vežic[1985 ]Vežić, Pavuša: Crkva Sv Donata u Zadru, Mala biblioteka Godišnjaka Zaštite spomenika kulture, Prilog uz br 8-9, Zagreb 1985
[1] The rotunda was investigated for the first time in 1956, when the first frescoes were uncovered. The architectural and archaeological works were conducted until 1961, and the church was conserved , without any significant attempt for the restoration of its architecture. The surrounding necropolis was excavated since thru a long period of time. The results of the restoration work were published in Nešković [1961a] and [1961b]. In the former article Nešković attempts a search for the origins of the church , but without any attempt to publish its possible reconstruction . The church does not have a published scientific monograph, save for two guidebooks published in 1961 and 1987 (Nikolić [1961] and Nešković&Petrović[1987])
[2] Nenadović[1980], in his survey of the architecture in Yugoslavia rightfully puts the Rotunda in the same group with the Rotunda of St Donatus, but again without any attempt for the graphic reconstruction of the original appearance of the church.
[3] Nešković [1961a] gives the detailed account of the research work conducted, as well as the results of the conservation works. He also publishes some of his ideas for the possible origin of the architecture of the church, together with some comparative plans. Nešković also rightfully points out similarities with the preromanesque architecture and building techniques in Dalmatia. This is the only place where the documentation for the remains of the original south façade are published.
[4] The chronology of the earlier archaeological phases is published in Ćorović-Ljubinković [1970b] .The Illyrian golden hoard is published in Mano-Zisi&Popović [1969] and the prehistoric phase in Jurišić[1969
[5] The problem of the chronology of earlier architectural phases was never properly solved. It seems that there was a disagreement among the excavators of the church about the sequence of the building. Only details were published in Ćorović-Ljubinković [1970b].
[6] The text of the Chronicle was published on several occasions. The critical edition was published in 1928, edited by Ferdo Sisic.The events of the erection of the Eclessia were published in chapter 28
[7] The architecture and its chronology are published in Vežic[1985].He continued with the research on the church and the later results were also published in the series of articles. The latest results of Vežić’s research are published in catalogue“Hrvati I Karolinzi” with the complete list of literature.
[8] The problems of the chronology of the painting are revieved and published in article Ćorović-Ljubinković [1970a].Unfortunately, the oldest frescoes are now completely faded away and the only evidence of their possible appearance are the sketches done during the conservation work
[9] The remains of the nishes and lesenaes are published in Nešković[1961a]
[10] The latest results, as well as the revue of the older research work on architecture of St Lovro, are published in Petricioli[1988
[11] The discovery of Andreazzi’s memoria was published by its excavator in Martinović [1990] where the discussion of the problems of the correct interpretation of the historical sources was also brought to light. In next article, Martinović [1995] publishes his reconstruction of the Kotor Ciborium 1. Only the drawing of the newly discovered fragment of the Ciborium 2 was for the first time published in the prospect published in November 2000th on the occasion of the ceremonial opening of the reconstructed Cathedral of St Tripune.
[12] The results of the archaeological research of the church in Prčanj are published in Korać&Kovačević[1970]
[13] The definitive publication of the fragments of the Ulcinj ciborium is Mijović[1985]. However, the recent study done by the author of this text indicates that the existing or only known fragments can actually belong to two ciboria. This is an interesting fact, but the problem for the further research is the loss of some of the fragments. The results of the archaeological excavations of the Ulcinj city complex, as well as the site of the old Cathedral are published in Mijović&Kovačević[1975] and Mijović, Kovačević&Bošković [1981]. The discussion of the possible datation of the old chapel and the succession of the churches is also published in Mijović[1985].
[14] The complex of St Mihovil de Tumba on Prevlaka was excavated in 1958-1960.The results of these excavations remained unpublished. Meanwhile, the whole site is now usurped by the Serbian Orthodox Church which is organizing its own excavations. Even the new Monastery was established on the site. As the proof for the “Continuity’ of the Orthodox monastic life, the most important finds from Prevlaka , which were kept in the storerooms of the local museum, were taken away by the priests and exhibited in the renewed monastery. The important finds are listed in the entry in the catalogue ‘Hrvati i Karolinzi”.
[15] The most spectacular finds of the preromanic plastic surely are those discovered among the remains of the Benedictine Abbey of Dombo near Rakovac on Fruška Gora. The results of the excavations are published in Nagy[1985]. However, the further research was aborted after an unofficial ban declared by Monuments Protection service, in 1989
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